Copyright © 2008 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers
Special Section on Analog Circuits and Related SoC Integration Technologies - Papers |
Holistic Design in mm-Wave Silicon ICs
1 The author is with California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. E-mail: hajimiri{at}caltech.edu
Millimeter-waves integrated circuits offer a unique opportunity for a holistic design approach encompassing RF, analog, and digital, as well as radiation and electromagnetics. The ability to deal with the complete system covering a broad range from the digital circuitry to on-chip antennas and everything in between offers unparalleled opportunities for completely new architectures and topologies, which were previously impossible due the traditional partitioning of various blocks in conventional design. This can open a plethora of new architectural and system level innovation within the integrated circuit platform. This paper reviews some of the challenges and opportunities for mm-wave ICs and presents several solutions to them.
Key Words: mm-wave, silicon integration, on-chip antenna, phased array
Manuscript received January 22, 2008.
References
[1] J.S. Kilby, United States Patent Number 3,138,743, Filed Feb. 6, 1959, Granted June 23, 1964. [2] J.S. Kilby, United States Patent Number 3,261,081, Filed Feb. 6, 1959, Granted July 19, 1966. [3] R.F. Stewart, United States Patent Number 3,138,747, Filed Feb. 12, 1959, Granted June 23, 1964. [4] G.E. Moore, "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits," Electronics, vol.38, no.8, pp.114–117, April 1965. [5] A. Babakhani, X. Guan, A. Komijani, A. Natarajan, and A. Hajimiri, "A 77-GHz phased-array transceiver with on-chip antennas in silicon: Receiver and antennas," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.41, no.12, pp.2795–2806, Dec. 2006. [6] A. Natarajan, A. Komijani, X. Guan, A. Babakhani, and A. Hajimiri, "A 77-GHz phased-array transceiver with on-chip antennas in silicon: Transmitter and local LO-path phase shifting," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.41, no.12, pp.2807–2819, Dec. 2006. [7] X. Guan and A. Hajimiri, "A 24-GHz CMOS front-end," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.39, no.2, pp.368–373, Feb. 2003. [8] A. Hajimiri, A. Komijani, A. Natarajan, X. Guan, and H. Hashemi, "Phased array systems in silicon," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.42, no.8, pp.122–130, Aug. 2004. [9] H. Hashemi, X. Guan, A. Komijani, and A. Hajimiri, "A 24-GHz SiGe phased-array receiver—LO phase shifting approach," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol.53, no.2, pp.614–626, Feb. 2005. [10] A. Babakhani, D.B. Rutledge, and A. Hajimiri, "A near-field modulation technique using antenna reflector switching," ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, vol.51, pp.188–189, Feb. 2008. [11] A. Hajimiri, "mm-wave silicon ICs: Challenges and opportunities," IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, Sept. 2007. [12] C. Doan, S. Emami, A. Niknejad, and R. Brodersen, "Millimeter wave CMOS design," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.40, no.1, pp.144–155, Jan. 2005. [13] B. Floyd, S. Reynolds, U. Pfeiffer, T. Zwick, T. Beukema, and B. Gaucher, "SiGe bipolar transceiver circuits operating at 60 GHz," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.40, no.1, pp.156–167, Jan. 2005. [14] CCIR Doc. Rep. 719-3, "Attenuation by atmospheric gases," ITU 1990. [15] L.J. Ippolito, "Propagation effects handbook for satellite systems design," NASA Doc., vol.1082, no.4, Feb. 1989. [16] E.K. Smith, "Centimeter and millimeter wave attenuation and brightness temperature due to atmospheric oxygen and water vapor," Radio Science, vol.17, pp.1455–1464, Nov.-Dec. 1982. [17] Federal Communications Commission, "Millimeter wave propagation: Spectrum management implications," Bulletin Number 70, July 1997. [18] D. Lu and D. Rutledge, "Investigation of indoor radio channel from 2.4 GHz to 24 GHz," IEEE AP-S Int. Symp. Dig. Papers, pp.134–137, June 2003. [19] J.D. Kraus and R.J. Marhefka, Antennas, McGraw Hill, 2001. [20] D.B. Rutledge, D.P. Neikirk, and D.P. Kasilingam, Integrated circuit antennas, Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Millimeter Components and Techniques, Academic Press, New York, 1983. [21] I. Aoki, S.D. Kee, D.B. Rutledge, and A. Hajimiri, "Fully integrated CMOS power amplifier design using the distributed active-transformer architecture," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.37, no.3, pp.371–383, March 2002. [22] E. Afshari, H. Bhat, X. Li, and A. Hajimiri, "Electrical funnel: A broadband signal combining method," Dig. International Solid-State Circuits Conference, Feb. 2006. [23] A. Babakhani and A. Hajimiri, "mm-wave phased arrays in silicon with integrated antennas," Proc. Antenna and Propagation Symposium, June 2007. [24] V. Aulock and W.H. von Aulock, "Properties of phased arrays," Proc. IRE, vol.48, no.10, pp.1715–1728, Oct. 1960. [25] R.C. Hansen, ed., Significant Phased Array Papers, Artech House, Norwood, MA, 1973. [26] R.S. Elliott, Antenna Theory and Design, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1981. [27] M. Golio, ed., The RF and Microwave Handbook, Session 6.9, CRC Press LLC, 2000. [28] D. Parker and D.C. Zimmermann, "Phased arrays—Part I: Theory and architectures," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol.50, no.3, pp.678–687, March 2002. [29] D. Parker and D.C. Zimmermann, "Phased-arrays—Part II: Implementations, applications, and future trends," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol.50, no.3, pp.688–698, March 2002. [30] B. Kane, L. Geis, M. Wyatt, D. Copeland, and J. Mogensen, "Smart phased array SoCs: A novel application for advanced SiGe HBT BiCMOS technology," Proc. IEEE, vol.93, no.9, pp.1656–1668, Sept. 2005. [31] "IRE standards on electron tubes: Definition of terms," Proc. IRE, vol.45, pp.983–1010, July 1957. 57 IRE 7. S2. [32] L. Zhu, "Guided-wave characteristics of periodic coplanar waveguides with inductive loading: Unit-length transmission parameters," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol.51, no.10, pp.2133–2138, Oct. 2003. [33] T.S.D. Cheung, J.R. Long, K. Vaed, R. Volant, A. Chinthakindi, C.M. Schnabel, J. Florkey, and K. Stein, "On-chip interconnect for mm-wave applications using an all-copper technology and wavelength reduction," ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, vol.46, pp.396–397, Feb. 2003. [34] A. Komijani, A. Natarajan, and A. Hajimiri, "A 24 GHz, +14.5 dBm fully-integrated power amplifier in 0.18 µm CMOS," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.40, no.9, pp.1901–1908, Sept. 2005. [35] A. Komijani and A. Hajimiri, "A wideband 77 GHz, 17.5 dBm power amplifier in silicon," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.41, no.8, pp.1749–1756, Aug. 2006. [36] E. Afshari, H.S. Bhat, A. Hajimiri, and J.E. Marsden, "Extremely wideband signal shaping using oneand two-dimensional nonuniform nonlinear transmission lines," J. Appl. Phys., vol.99, pp.54901–16, 2006. [37] E. Afshari, H. Bhat, X. Li, and A. Hajimiri, "Electrical funnel: A novel broadband signal combining method," ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, vol.49, pp.24–25, Feb. 2006. [38] I. Aoki, S. Kee, R. Magoon, R. Aparicio, F. Bohn, J. Zachan, G. Hatcher, D. McClymont, and A. Hajimiri, "A fully-integrated quad-band GSM/GPRS CMOS power amplifier," ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, vol.51, pp.570–571, Feb. 2008.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This Article 
Abstract
Full Text (PDF)
Alert me when this article is cited
Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Email this article to a friend
Similar articles in this journal
Alert me to new issues of the journal
Add to My Personal Archive
Download to citation manager
Request Permissions
Google Scholar
Articles by HAJIMIRI, A.
Social Bookmarking
What's this?